Rocca of Populonia

The circular half-tower, called 'Exedra', and the Keep dominating the curtains wall.

The keep, medieval original nucleus of the Fortress.

Populonia can be reached from Florence through the motorway A11 'til 'Pisa Nord' then the A12 towards Livorno, exit at 'Rosigano-Cecina' and the following the SS1 Aurelia. It is about  18 km far from S.Vincenzo.

The fame of Populonia is not owed to its Rocca but to the fact that was the Etruscan town of Pupluna or Fufluna, one of the more ancient and prestigious human settlements of the whole Tuscany. The archeological recovery of its wide necropolis confirm that the area was inhabited at least from the Neolithic era. Pupluna was one of the most important cities of the Etruscan civilization and it was the only one, between the greatest settlements, to rise on the coast. This allowed the city to be a commercial and industrial point of reference between the centers of the hinterland and the islands of the Tuscan archipelago, thanks to the presence of many fusion ovens for the metals extracted in the near mines. The urban nucleus was composed of two parts: that of the 'Acropoli', at dominion of the Baratti gulf and that industrial, on the coast, with the naval port and the ovens.

As all the Etruscan cities, Populonia knew the decadence with the progressive grow of the power of Rome, also suffered a serious destruction for hand of Silla during the roman civil war against Mario. Already in the 1st century A.C. the city was desert with the houses ruined and the ovens abandoned. In the following centuries there was attempts to reactivate the sea port and the industrial activities connected to it, but  the life in the city never took back big vigor, also because of the invasions and piracy raids to which it was exposed. Populonia reborn in the Middle Age when in the 14th century was decided to built a new castle, that still today dominates the hill of the ancient Etruscan Acropoli.

The Fortress appears with the form of the fortifications that suffered the greatest rehashes during the period of transition from the medieval castle to the military bastioned fortresses of the end of the 15th century. Unlike many other castles, completely denaturalized in the forms and in the aspect due to the additions of this period, the element that dominates the complex it is still the mighty tower with rectangular plan that was the primitive medieval keep. The tower is not built  with perfectly squared stones at exception of the angles and it's provided of bastionated walls, machicoulis (opening between corbels of the parapet through which the defenders can drop rocks or fire projectiles against an enemy directly below them, surely added during the updating of the fortification) and big battlements, three on the short sides four on those long, gifted of double slope, toward the inside and toward the outside, rare form to find in the Tuscan castles although very diffused in those of the Scaligeri family of the northern Italy. The gate of the keep is at the level of the first floor. Around the tower are developed the enclosure walls, built in the 15th century with a square plant very near to be rectangular, with a watch walk alternated by vertical loopholes toward the outside. To the four angles are present external garrittes.

During a successive phase  was added at the center western front of the walls  a round half-tower, similar to an exedra, gifted of an ample bastionature and crowned by Ghibelline battlements (at tail of swallow) each endowed with a small loophole and machicoulis. Also this half tower is gifted of watch walk and it also possesses a wall with loopholes on the courtyard side, to defend from the enemies in the case of penetration of the fortification. This construction could be considered a decisive footstep toward the development of those that will be the round towers of the fortresses of the 16th century. In this point the fortress walls are connected with those of the suburb. The Rocca of Populonia had always purely military functions. The visit to the fortification is important because it can be considered a fundamental point for the fortified architecture in the passage from the castle to the fortress.